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Dr. Achiro Kevin
The document defines COPD as a heterogeneous lung disease characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms and persistent airflow obstruction. It outlines major risk factors such as smoking, biomass exposure, genetics, and early‑life influences. Diagnostic approaches including spirometry and imaging are described, followed by detailed pharmacologic and non‑pharmacologic treatment recommendations. Guidance on follow‑up, escalation of therapy, and management of complications like pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale is also provided.
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