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Clinical reviews
DURATION OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY: WITH OR WITHOUT BIOMARKERS?
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital de São Francisco Xavier, Unidade Local de Saúde de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal; NOVA Medical School, Comprehensive Health Research Centre, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Center for
·
Critical Care Medicine
· 11 pages
This document discusses the rising issue of antibiotic overuse and its correlation with multidrug-resistant pathogens, emphasizing the need for evidence-based antibiotic prescribing practices in critically ill patients.
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Clinical reviews
DYSLIPIDAEMIA AND HEPATIC STEATOSIS: MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR LIPID-LOWERING THERAPY
Maurizio Averna, M. Mahmood Hussain, Giuseppe Danilo Norata
·
Cardiology
· 2026
· 16 pages
This review article discusses the interconnectedness of dyslipidaemia and hepatic steatosis, particularly in the context of obesity and diabetes mellitus, and their implications for cardiovascular disease.
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Clinical reviews
THE PROMISING EFFECTS OF A MULTI-SPECIES SYNBIOTIC PREPARATION ON METABOLIC PROFILE IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES AND HIGH CARDIOVASCULAR RISK: A RANDOMIZED, TRIPLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL
Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
·
Endocrinology
· 2025
· 12 pages
This study investigates the effects of a multi-species synbiotic preparation on metabolic profiles in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk. It evaluates weight change and various biochemical parameters over a four-month period.
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Clinical reviews
Axial spondyloarthritis
Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital La Paz, IdiPaz, Madrid, Spain; NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Rheumatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
·
Rheumatology
· 2025
· 14 pages
Axial spondyloarthritis manifests as a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the sacroiliac joints and spine, with various musculoskeletal and extra-musculoskeletal manifestations. Diagnosis relies on clinical patterns, laboratory tests, and imaging findings.
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Clinical reviews
AKI AS A SYSTEMIC SYNDROME AND ITS IMPACT ON OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS
Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Münster; Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; School of Medicine, University of Surrey; Department of Intensive Care
·
Nephrology
· 2026
· 16 pages
This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute kidney injury (AKI) as a systemic syndrome and its impact on distant organ systems.
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Clinical reviews
AKI AS A SYSTEMIC SYNDROME AND ITS IMPACT ON OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS
University Hospital Münster, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, University of Surrey, Royal Surrey County Hospital, University of Chicago
·
Nephrology
· 2026
· 16 pages
This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying acute kidney injury (AKI) as a systemic syndrome and its consequences on other organ systems.
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Clinical reviews
ANNEX 1: THE THERAPEUTIC RESPONSE TO ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE AND HYGIENE
·
Infectious Diseases
· 2000
· 9 pages
This document discusses the therapeutic response to various antimalarial drugs, emphasizing the urgency of treatment in severe malaria cases. It outlines the administration routes and pharmacokinetics of key antimalarial medications.
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Clinical reviews
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF THE PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF LEAN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN AFRICA
Nankunda Oreb, Katuramu Richard, Bwayo Denis, Ahmed Waheed
·
Endocrinology
· 9 pages
This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the prevalence and clinical characteristics of lean type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Africa, highlighting unique biochemical profiles and the need for tailored approaches in management.
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Clinical reviews
ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE
Aleksander Krag, MD, PhD; Fredrik Åberg, MD, PhD; Jessica Mellinger, MD, MSc; Brian P. Lee, MD, MAS; Mads Israelsen, MD, PhD
·
Hepatology
· 13 pages
This document is a review of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), discussing its significance as a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, particularly in Europe and the US.
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Clinical reviews
GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS WITH PRE-EXISTING DIABETES: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Babak J Orandi, Yusi Chen, Yiting Li, Garyn T Metoyer, Krista L Lentine, Michael Weintraub, Sunjae Bae, Nicole M Ali, Bonnie E Lonze, Christine J Ren-Fielding, Holly Lofton, Akash Gujral, Dorry L Segev, Mara McAdams-DeMarco
·
Nephrology
· 2025
· 10 pages
This study examines the effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists in kidney transplant recipients with type 2 diabetes, highlighting their potential benefits in this unique patient population.
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Clinical reviews
CRYPTOGENIC ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA
UpToDate, Inc.
·
Pulmonology
· 2026
· 62 pages
This document provides a comprehensive overview of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), an idiopathic form of organizing pneumonia characterized by peripheral lung infiltrates and responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy.
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Clinical reviews
SEVERE MALARIA: A MEDICAL EMERGENCY REQUIRING IMMEDIATE ADMINISTRATION OF RAPIDLY EFFECTIVE ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS
Royal Society of Medicine and Hygiene
·
Infectious Disease
· 2000
· 9 pages
Severe malaria is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with effective antimalarial drugs to save lives. This document discusses the therapeutic responses and recommended treatments for severe malaria.
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Clinical reviews
MANAGEMENT OF POST RESUSCITATION VASOPLEGIC SHOCK
Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM
·
Critical Care
· 2025
· 13 pages
This document discusses post-resuscitation shock, a condition characterized by cardio-circulatory failure following cardiac arrest, which significantly contributes to mortality in affected patients. It explores the underlying mechanisms and management strategies for this critical condition.
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Clinical reviews
KETOACIDOSIS WITH SGLT2 INHIBITORS IN ROUTINE CLINICAL PRACTICE OF TYPE 2 DIABETES: SCANDINAVIAN COHORT AND NESTED CASE–CONTROL STUDY
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
·
Endocrinology
· 2026
· 47 pages
This study assesses the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of ketoacidosis during SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes using nationwide registers from Scandinavian countries.
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Clinical reviews
METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION–ASSOCIATED STEATOTIC LIVER DISEASE
Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Italy
·
Gastroenterology
· 2025
· 16 pages
This review article discusses the evolution of the understanding of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), its pathogenesis, and treatment options.
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Clinical reviews
CLINICAL TRIALS AND NEW THERAPIES IN SJÖGREN’S DISEASE
Vishal Patel, Antonio Salas, Thomas Grader-Beck
·
Rheumatology
· 13 pages
This document reviews the current landscape of clinical trials and emerging therapies for Sjögren’s disease, highlighting the unmet need for effective treatments.
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Clinical reviews
EVIDENCE-BASED USE OF LEVOTHYROXINE/LIOTHYRONINE COMBINATIONS IN TREATING HYPOTHYROIDISM: A CONSENSUS DOCUMENT
Georgetown University, University of Chicago, Perelman School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Rush University, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, University Health Network,
·
Endocrinology
· 2021
· 29 pages
This document provides a consensus on the evidence-based use of levothyroxine and liothyronine combinations for treating hypothyroidism. It discusses the efficacy, patient experiences, and recommendations for clinical practice.
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Clinical reviews
MYOSITIS NON-INFLAMMATORY MECHANISMS: AN UP-DATED REVIEW
Emilia Manole, Alexandra E. Bastian, Niculina Butoianu, Hans H. Goebel
·
Rheumatology
· 2017
· 13 pages
This review article discusses the non-inflammatory mechanisms involved in myositis, highlighting the role of reactive oxygen species and endoplasmic reticulum stress in muscle dysfunction.
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Clinical reviews
PRIMARY PREVENTION OF STROKE AND PRESERVATION OF BRAIN
null
·
Neurology
· 30 pages
This article provides an overview of the distinctions among primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of stroke, emphasizing guidelines for primary stroke prevention.
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Clinical reviews
UPDATE 2026: MANAGEMENT OF SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Mumtu Lalla, Puneet Dhillon, Buse Eglenen Polat, Haiying Cheng
·
Oncology
· 2026
· 15 pages
This review provides a clinically oriented overview of the management of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), highlighting recent therapeutic advances and evolving treatment strategies across different disease stages.
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Clinical reviews
QUALITY-ORIENTED DIET THERAPY FOR CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
British Columbia, Victoria, Canada
·
Nephrology
· 13 pages
This review article discusses the transition from traditional dietary advice for chronic kidney disease (CKD) to a quality-oriented approach that emphasizes dietary flexibility and the importance of food processing and preparation.
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Clinical reviews
PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND STROKE
David M. Kent, MD, MS; Andy Y. Wang, MD
·
Neurology
· 2025
· 11 pages
This document reviews the implications of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the context of stroke, particularly focusing on its prevalence and the associated risks of paradoxical embolism.
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Clinical reviews
GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN OLDER PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES: SAFETY EVIDENCE FROM THE REAL WORLD
Department of Medicine, University of Padova; Laboratory of Experimental Diabetology, Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
·
Endocrinology
· 2026
· 6 pages
This document provides an overview of the safety and efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists in older adults with type 2 diabetes, highlighting real-world evidence and considerations for therapy.
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Clinical reviews
BEYOND THE HEART
Kayanne BA, Dalia BS, Issam MD, Mariam MD
·
Cardiology
· 11 pages
This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of Marfan syndrome from a cardiologist's perspective, focusing on its pathophysiology, cardiac involvement, and management strategies.
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