upper GI bleeding

JHO

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is defined as hemorrhage proximal to the ligament of Treitz and represents a common, potentially life‑threatening emergency. The presentation outlines its incidence, especially in Uganda, and highlights major risk factors such as alcohol, NSAIDs, anticoagulation, and portal hypertension. Both variceal and non‑variceal etiologies are described, with emphasis on ulcer disease, gastritis, and vascular lesions. Diagnostic approaches, including early endoscopy and adjunct imaging, are detailed, followed by a stepwise management algorithm for variceal and non‑variceal bleeding, incorporating fluid resuscitation, pharmacologic therapy, endoscopic hemostasis, and rescue interventions.