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Obstetrics

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh‑negative mother carries an Rh‑positive fetus, leading to maternal sensitization and production of anti‑D antibodies. These antibodies can cross the placenta in subsequent pregnancies, causing hemolysis of fetal red blood cells and resulting in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). The document outlines risk factors, clinical signs such as jaundice and hydrops fetalis, diagnostic methods including Coombs tests and MCA Doppler, and management strategies like anti‑D immunoglobulin prophylaxis and fetal blood transfusion. It also highlights screening protocols and potential complications during and after pregnancy.