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Clinical reviews
THE ACID-BASE EFFECTS OF ALBUMIN IN SEPSIS: RECONCILING THE STEWART PHYSICOCHEMICAL APPROACH WITH THE TRADITIONAL BUFFER-BASE PARADIGM
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, 'Santa Maria della Misericordia' Udine University Hospital; Department of Medicine, University of Udine
·
Critical Care Medicine
· 19 pages
This narrative review compares the effects of albumin on acid-base physiology in sepsis through two different frameworks: the traditional bicarbonate-centered approach and Stewart's physicochemical approach. It highlights the complexities of albumin's influence on acid-base equilibrium, particularly in the context of septic shock.
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Clinical reviews
UPDATE ON HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND A GUIDE TO THE GUIDELINES
Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London; Department of Epidemiology, Im
·
Cardiology
· 25 pages
This review discusses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder, and aims to assist clinicians in navigating the clinical guidelines for its evaluation and management.
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Clinical reviews
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURESIS: FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TO MANAGEMENT
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne; Department of Endocrinology, The Austin Hospital; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel; Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel
·
Endocrinology
· 102 pages
This document provides a comprehensive overview of the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD), detailing its pathophysiology, clinical implications, and management strategies.
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Clinical reviews
Influenza
Gabriele Neumann, Benjamin J. Cowling, Hualan Chen, Silke Stertz, Balaji Manicassamy, Ian G. Barr, Timothy M. Uyeki & Yoshihiro Kawaoka
·
Infectious Disease
· 2026
· 19 pages
Influenza A and B viruses pose significant public health threats, causing millions of severe cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths annually through seasonal epidemics driven by antigenic drift and unpredictable pandemics caused by antigenic shift. The clinical presentation is typically an acute respiratory illness, but can lead to severe complications in high-risk individuals.
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Clinical reviews
VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS INFECTION
Andrew N. Bubak, Charlotte Warren-Gash, Cristina Tommasi, Judith Breuer, Ravi Mahalingam, Padma Srikanth, Maria A. Nagel
·
Infectious Disease
· 2026
· 18 pages
This document provides a comprehensive overview of varicella zoster virus (VZV), detailing its infection process, complications, and management strategies. It discusses both primary infection leading to chickenpox and reactivation resulting in shingles.
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Clinical reviews
PREVENTION OF STROKE
null
·
Neurology
· 2026
· 30 pages
This article provides an overview of the principles of stroke prevention, including the distinctions among primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It emphasizes recent guidelines for primary stroke prevention and the relationship between stroke prevention and preservation of brain health.
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Clinical reviews
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND PATHOGENESIS OF MASH
Suchira Gallage, Olivier Govaere, Quentin M. Anstee, Gerald I. Shulman, Frank Tacke, Mathias Heikenwalder
·
Hepatology
· 2026
· 17 pages
This document discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). It highlights the increasing prevalence of these conditions and their implications for liver health.
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Clinical reviews
CURRENT CONCEPTS AND NOVEL TARGETS FOR ANTIPLATELET THERAPY
Meinrad Gawaz
·
Cardiology
· 2023
· 17 pages
This review summarizes the pathophysiological role of platelets in acute myocardial ischaemia and vascular inflammation, highlighting current clinical concepts of antiplatelet therapy and novel therapeutic targets in development.
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Clinical reviews
ARRYTHMIA-MEDIATED VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Sébastien Deferm, MD, PhD; Philippe B. Bertrand, MD PhD; Sebastiaan Dhont, MD; Ralph S. von Bardeleben, MD; Pieter M. Vandervoort, MD
·
Cardiology
· 21 pages
This document discusses the relationship between atrial fibrillation and valvular heart disease, particularly focusing on atrial functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. It highlights the importance of echocardiography in differentiating these conditions and their management.
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Clinical reviews
THE NEW ERA OF ADD-ON ASTHMA TREATMENTS: WHERE DO WE STAND?
William J. Calhoun and Geoffrey L. Chupp
·
Pulmonology
· 13 pages
This review discusses the current landscape of add-on treatments for severe asthma, focusing on biologics and their role in personalized medicine. It highlights the need for more comparative studies among treatments and the potential of biomarkers in guiding therapy.
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Clinical reviews
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Sanjeev Sethi, An S De Vriese, Fernando C Fervenza
·
Nephrology
· 2022
· 18 pages
This document discusses acute glomerulonephritis, a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by symptoms such as haematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension, leading to varying degrees of kidney function reduction.
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Clinical reviews
CIRRHOSIS, PORTAL HYPERTENSION AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: A STAGE-BASED APPROACH
Manon Allaire, Tamar Taddei, Dominique Thabut, Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
·
Hepatology
· 2023
· 13 pages
This review discusses the interconnected outcomes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), emphasizing the role of portal hypertension in their management. It proposes a stage-based approach to HCC management that integrates the prognostic stages of cirrhosis.
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Clinical reviews
MYOPATHIES IN CLINICAL CARE: A FOCUS ON TREATABLE CAUSES
Genevieve C. Uy, Raymond Rosales, Satish Khadilkar
·
Neurology
· 2026
· 32 pages
This review discusses myopathies, a group of disorders affecting skeletal muscles, emphasizing those with established or emerging treatment options. It highlights the importance of distinguishing between acquired and inherited forms of myopathies.
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Clinical reviews
DISEASE MODIFICATION IN LUPUS NEPHRITIS: TOWARDS A PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED TREATMENT PARADIGM
European Renal Association (ERA) Immunonephrology Working Group
·
Nephrology
· 20 pages
This document discusses the limitations of current therapies for lupus nephritis and highlights the need for new strategies based on advances in understanding its pathophysiology. It emphasizes emerging immunomodulatory therapies aimed at restoring immune balance and preventing kidney damage.
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Clinical reviews
SHORT-TERM ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY AND SUBCLINICAL LEAFLET THICKENING IN TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVES
Troels Højsgaard Jørgensen, MD, PhD; Andreas Fuchs Larsen, MD, PhD; Jesper Møller Jensen, MD, PhD; Rebekka Vibjerg Jensen, MD, PhD; Yannick Willemen, MD, PhD; Aekapat Phoksiri, MD; Arif Khokhar, BMBCH, MA; Jani Thuraiaiyah, MD, PhD; Kamilla Bech
·
Cardiology
· 12 pages
This study investigates the effects of different antithrombotic treatment strategies on subclinical leaflet thrombosis following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).
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Clinical reviews
AGA CLINICAL PRACTICE UPDATE ON MANAGEMENT OF CLOSTRIDIOIDES DIFFICILE INFECTION IN ADULTS: EXPERT REVIEW
University of Indiana, University of Minnesota, University of North Carolina, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
·
Gastroenterology
· 11 pages
This expert review provides best practice advice for the management of Clostridioides difficile infection, a common cause of significant diarrhea that can be recurrent and potentially fatal.
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Clinical reviews
MANAGING BLEEDING RISK IN OLDER ADULTS
Francisco B. Alexandrino, MD, Venu Menon, MD, Grant Reed, MD, Amar Krishnaswamy, MD, Samir Kapadia, MD, Michael G. Nanna, MD, MHS, Abdulla A. Damluji, MD, PhD, MBA
·
Cardiology
· 27 pages
This document discusses the management of bleeding risk in older adults, particularly in the context of antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy. It emphasizes the need for individualized risk assessment due to the unique challenges faced by this population.
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Clinical reviews
GLYCEMIC EMERGENCIES
Rudiona Hoxhaj, DO, Sara C. Markley Webster, MD
·
Endocrinology
· 21 pages
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and hypoglycemia as life-threatening emergencies that require rapid diagnosis and management.
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Clinical reviews
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: ACTING LOCALLY FOR GLOBAL IMPACT IN A CHANGING WORLD
European Society of Cardiology, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, World Heart Federation
·
Cardiology
· 2026
· 9 pages
This document discusses the impact of environmental stressors on cardiovascular health and emphasizes the need for local actions to address global health challenges. It highlights the role of non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease, in global mortality.
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Clinical reviews
NEW APPROACHES TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS B
University College London, Kings College Hospital London
·
Hepatology
· 2023
· 15 pages
This review article discusses the clinical spectrum of chronic hepatitis B, its virologic features, and recent therapeutic advancements. It highlights the global burden of the disease and the importance of intervention to prevent severe outcomes.
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Clinical reviews
IMAGING IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR IMPLANTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICES: PART 1—IMAGING BEFORE AND DURING DEVICE IMPLANTATION
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and European Heart Rhythm Association
·
Cardiology
· 32 pages
This document provides a clinical consensus statement on imaging practices for patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices, focusing on pre-implantation and intra-implantation imaging techniques.
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Clinical reviews
Effects of correction rate for severe hyponatremia in the intensive care unit on patient outcomes
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Yale-New Haven Hospital; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
·
Nephrology
· 8 pages
This study investigates the outcomes associated with different correction rates of severe hyponatremia in ICU patients, focusing on in-hospital mortality and other complications.
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Clinical reviews
CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF SODIUM-GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR-KIDNEY-METABOLIC SYNDROME
Changzhou First People’s Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine
·
Nephrology
· 2026
· 14 pages
This review comprehensively summarizes the current clinical evidence and elucidates the underlying mechanisms of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
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Clinical reviews
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN ADULTS
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
·
Endocrinology
· 2022
· 15 pages
This mini-review focuses on the diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus (CDI), a clinical syndrome resulting from impaired function of vasopressinergic neurons, leading to excessive renal water losses.
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